HOUSE BILL No. 4426

 

March 19, 2003, Introduced by Rep. Hunter and referred to the Committee on Appropriations.

        

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

    EXECUTIVE BUDGET BILL                                                       

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                

                                                                                     A bill to make appropriations for the judicial branch for the               

                                                                                

    fiscal year ending September 30, 2004; to provide for the expenditure       

                                                                                

    of these appropriations; to place certain restrictions on the               

                                                                                

    expenditure of these appropriations; to prescribe the powers and duties     

                                                                                

    of certain officials and employees; to require certain reports; and to      

                                                                                

    provide for the disposition of fees and other income received by the        

                                                                                

    judicial branch.                                                            

                                                                                

    THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF MICHIGAN ENACT:                                  

                                                                                

1   PART 1                                                                      

                                                                                

2   LINE-ITEM APPROPRIATIONS                                                    

                                                                                


                                                                                

1       Sec. 101.  Subject to the conditions set forth in this bill, the            

                                                                                

2   amounts listed in this part are appropriated for the judicial branch        

                                                                                

3   for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2004, from the funds indicated     

                                                                                

4   in this part.  The following is a summary of the appropriations in this     

                                                                                

5   part:                                                                       

                                                                                

6   JUDICIARY                                                                   

                                                                                

7   APPROPRIATIONS SUMMARY:                                                     

                                                                                

8                                                                                    Full-time equated exempted positions    582.5                                                                       

                                                                                

9       GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    252,492,900                                                                 

                                                                                

10  Interdepartmental grant revenues:                                           

                                                                                

11  Total interdepartmental grants and intradepartmental                        

                                                                                

12      transfers                                                                            4,633,500                                                                   

                                                                                

13  ADJUSTED GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                     $    247,859,400                                                                 

                                                                                

14  Federal revenues:                                                           

                                                                                

15      Total federal revenues                                                               3,806,500                                                                   

                                                                                

16  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

17      Total local revenues                                                                 2,898,700                                                                   

                                                                                

18      Total private revenues                                                               842,500                                                                     

                                                                                

19      Total other state restricted revenues                                                78,995,300                                                                  

                                                                                

20      State general fund/general purpose                                               $    161,316,400                                                                 

                                                                                

21                                                                                   Sec. 102. SUPREME COURT                                                     

                                                                                

22                                                                                   Full-time equated exempted positions    284.0                                                                       

                                                                                

23      Supreme court administration--114.0 FTE positions                                $    10,033,500                                                                  

                                                                                

24      Judicial institute--20.0 FTE positions                                               2,935,700                                                                   

                                                                                

25      State court administrative office--80.0 FTE positions                                9,211,000                                                                   

                                                                                

26      Judicial information systems--21.0 FTE positions                                     4,540,600                                                                   

                                                                                

27      Direct trial court automation support--33.0 FTE                             


                                                                                

1                                                                                    positions                                                                            2,898,700                                                                   

                                                                                

2       Foster care review board--12.0 FTE positions                                         1,167,700                                                                   

                                                                                

3       Community dispute resolution--4.0 FTE positions                                      2,499,800                                                                   

                                                                                

4       Drug treatment courts                                                                4,335,000                                                                   

                                                                                

5       GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    37,622,000                                                                  

                                                                                

6                                                                                    Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

7   Interdepartmental grant revenues:                                           

                                                                                

8       IDG from department of community health                                              1,800,000                                                                   

                                                                                

9       IDG from department of career development                                            95,000                                                                      

                                                                                

10      IDG from state police - criminal justice improvement                                 2,015,000                                                                   

                                                                                

11      IDG from state police - Michigan justice training fund                               300,000                                                                     

                                                                                

12  Federal revenues:                                                           

                                                                                

13      USDA, agriculture mediation grant                                                    125,000                                                                     

                                                                                

14      DOE, special education grant                                                         150,000                                                                     

                                                                                

15      DOJ, enforcing underage drinking law                                                 50,000                                                                      

                                                                                

16      DOJ, victims assistance programs                                                     50,000                                                                      

                                                                                

17      DOT, national highway safety traffic administration                                  215,300                                                                     

                                                                                

18      HHS, access and visitation grant                                                     387,000                                                                     

                                                                                

19      HHS, court improvement project                                                       1,160,000                                                                   

                                                                                

20      HHS, title IV-D child support program                                                907,700                                                                     

                                                                                

21      HHS, title IV-E foster care program                                                  500,000                                                                     

                                                                                

22      HHS, TANF                                                                            50,000                                                                      

                                                                                

23      HHS, domestic violence prevention                                                    175,000                                                                     

                                                                                

24  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

25      Local - user fees                                                                    2,898,700                                                                   

                                                                                

26      Private                                                                              169,000                                                                     

                                                                                

27      Private - interest on lawyers trust accounts                                         232,700                                                                     


                                                                                

1       Private - state justice institute                                                    370,800                                                                     

                                                                                

2       Community dispute resolution fees                                                    2,224,800                                                                   

                                                                                

3       Law exam fees                                                                        482,100                                                                     

                                                                                

4       Drug Court fund                                                                      1,267,500                                                                   

                                                                                

5       Miscellaneous revenue                                                                227,900                                                                     

                                                                                

6       State court fund                                                                     319,000                                                                     

                                                                                

7       State general fund/general purpose                                               $    21,449,500                                                                  

                                                                                

8                                                                                    Sec. 103. COURT OF APPEALS                                                  

                                                                                

9                                                                                    Full-time equated exempted positions    230.5                                                                       

                                                                                

10      Court of appeals operations--230.5 FTE positions                                 $    17,057,300                                                                  

                                                                                

11      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    17,057,300                                                                  

                                                                                

12                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

13  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

14      Court filing/motion fees                                                             1,571,000                                                                   

                                                                                

15      Miscellaneous revenue                                                                77,800                                                                      

                                                                                

16      State general fund/general purpose                                               $    15,408,500                                                                  

                                                                                

17                                                                                   Sec. 104. BRANCHWIDE APPROPRIATIONS                                         

                                                                                

18                                                                                   Full-time equated exempted positions    3.0                                                                         

                                                                                

19      Branchwide appropriations                                                        $    8,376,000                                                                   

                                                                                

20      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    8,376,000                                                                   

                                                                                

21                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

22  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

23      State general fund/general purpose                                               $    8,376,000                                                                   

                                                                                

24                                                                                   Sec. 105. JUSTICES’ AND JUDGES’ COMPENSATION                                

                                                                                

25                                                                                   Full-time judges positions    616.0                                                                       

                                                                                

26      Supreme court justices’ salaries--7.0 judges                                     $    1,152,300                                                                   

                                                                                

27      Court of appeals judges’ salaries--28.0 judges                                       4,240,300                                                                   


                                                                                

1       District court judges’ state base salaries--259.0                           

                                                                                

2                                                                                    judges                                                                               23,946,700                                                                  

                                                                                

3       District court judicial salary standardization                                       11,831,100                                                                  

                                                                                

4       Probate court judges’ state base salaries--106.0                            

                                                                                

5                                                                                    judges                                                                               9,168,500                                                                   

                                                                                

6       Probate court judicial salary standardization                                        4,407,100                                                                   

                                                                                

7       Circuit court judges’ state base salaries--216.0                            

                                                                                

8                                                                                    judges                                                                               20,346,300                                                                  

                                                                                

9       Circuit court judicial salary standardization                                        9,876,400                                                                   

                                                                                

10      Judges’ retirement system defined contributions                                      2,649,100                                                                   

                                                                                

11      Judges’ retirement system health reserve                                             27,700                                                                      

                                                                                

12      OASI, social security                                                                4,619,200                                                                   

                                                                                

13      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    92,264,700                                                                  

                                                                                

14                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

15  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

16      Court fee fund                                                                       7,090,200                                                                   

                                                                                

17      State general fund/general purpose                                               $    85,174,500                                                                  

                                                                                

18                                                                                   Sec. 106. JUDICIAL AGENCIES                                                 

                                                                                

19                                                                                   Full-time equated exempted positions    10.0                                                                        

                                                                                

20      Judicial tenure commission--10.0 FTE positions                                   $    1,004,200                                                                   

                                                                                

21      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    1,004,200                                                                   

                                                                                

22                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

23      State general fund/general purpose                                               $    1,004,200                                                                   

                                                                                

24                                                                                   Sec. 107. INDIGENT DEFENSE - CRIMINAL                                       

                                                                                

25                                                                                   Full-time equated exempted positions    55.0                                                                        

                                                                                

26      Appellate public defender program--47.0 FTE                                 

                                                                                

27                                                                                   positions                                                                        $    4,502,000                                                                   


                                                                                

1       Appellate assigned counsel administration--8.0 FTE                          

                                                                                

2                                                                                    positions                                                                            808,700                                                                     

                                                                                

3       GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    5,310,700                                                                   

                                                                                

4                                                                                    Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

5   Interdepartmental grant revenues:                                           

                                                                                

6       IDG from state police - Michigan justice training                           

                                                                                

7                                                                                    fund                                                                                 423,500                                                                     

                                                                                

8   Federal revenues:                                                           

                                                                                

9       DOJ, assigned criminal defense                                                       36,500                                                                      

                                                                                

10  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

11      Private - interest on lawyers trust accounts                                         70,000                                                                      

                                                                                

12      Miscellaneous revenue                                                                113,100                                                                     

                                                                                

13      State general fund/general purpose                                               $    4,667,600                                                                   

                                                                                

14                                                                                   Sec. 108. INDIGENT CIVIL LEGAL ASSISTANCE                                   

                                                                                

15      Indigent civil legal assistance                                                  $    7,337,000                                                                   

                                                                                

16      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    7,337,000                                                                   

                                                                                

17                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

18  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

19      State court fund                                                                     7,337,000                                                                   

                                                                                

20      State general fund/general purpose                                               $                                                                            0    

                                                                                

21                                                                                   Sec. 109. TRIAL COURT OPERATIONS                                            

                                                                                

22      Court equity fund reimbursements                                                 $    69,906,000                                                                  

                                                                                

23      Judicial technology improvement fund                                                 4,465,000                                                                   

                                                                                

24      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    74,371,000                                                                  

                                                                                

25                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

26  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

27      Court equity fund                                                                    44,669,900                                                                  


                                                                                

1       Judicial technology improvement fund                                                 4,465,000                                                                   

                                                                                

2       State general fund/general purpose                                               $    25,236,100                                                                  

                                                                                

3                                                                                    Sec. 110 JUROR COMPENSATION REIMBURSEMENT                                   

                                                                                

4       Juror compensation reimbursement                                                 $    6,600,000                                                                   

                                                                                

5       GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    6,660,000                                                                   

                                                                                

6                                                                                    Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

7   Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

8       Juror compensation fund                                                              6,600,000                                                                   

                                                                                

9       State general fund/general purpose                                               $                                                                            0    

                                                                                

10                                                                                   Sec. 111. GRANTS AND REIMBURSEMENTS TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT                     

                                                                                

11      Drunk driving case-flow program                                                  $    2,300,000                                                                   

                                                                                

12      Drug case-flow program                                                               250,000                                                                     

                                                                                

13      GROSS APPROPRIATION                                                              $    2,550,000                                                                   

                                                                                

14                                                                                   Appropriated from:                                                          

                                                                                

15  Special revenue funds:                                                      

                                                                                

16      Drug fund                                                                            250,000                                                                     

                                                                                

17      Drunk driving fund                                                                   2,300,000                                                                   

                                                                                

18      State general fund/general purpose                                               $                                                                            0    

                                                                                

19  PART 2                                                                      

                                                                                

20  PROVISIONS CONCERNING APPROPRIATIONS                                        

                                                                                

21  GENERAL SECTIONS                                                            

                                                                                

22      Sec. 201. Pursuant to section 30 of article IX of the state                 

                                                                                

23  constitution of 1963, total state spending from state resources under       

                                                                                

24  part 1 for fiscal year 2003-2004 is $240,311,700.00 and state spending      

                                                                                

25  from state resources to be paid to units of local government for fiscal     

                                                                                

26  year 2003-2004 is $124,506,800.00.  The itemized statement below            

                                                                                

27  identifies appropriations from which spending to units of local             


                                                                                

1   government will occur:                                                      

                                                                                

2   JUDICIARY                                                                   

                                                                                

3   SUPREME COURT                                                               

                                                                                

4       State court administrative office - administration                               $    511,900                                                                     

                                                                                

5       Drug treatment courts                                                                4,335,000                                                                   

                                                                                

6   TRIAL COURT OPERATIONS                                                      

                                                                                

7       Court equity fund reimbursements                                                 $    69,906,000                                                                  

                                                                                

8       Judicial technology improvement fund                                                 4,465,000                                                                   

                                                                                

9   JUSTICES’ AND JUDGES’ COMPENSATION                                          

                                                                                

10      District court judicial salary standardization                                   $    11,831,100                                                                  

                                                                                

11      Probate court judges’ state base salaries                                            9,168,500                                                                   

                                                                                

12      Probate court judicial salary standardization                                        4,407,100                                                                   

                                                                                

13      Circuit court judicial salary standardization                                        9,876,400                                                                   

                                                                                

14      Grant to OASI contribution fund, employers share, social                    

                                                                                

15                                                                                   security                                                                             855,800                                                                     

                                                                                

16  JUROR COMPENSATION REIMBURSEMENT                                            

                                                                                

17      Juror compensation reimbursement                                                 $    6,600,000                                                                   

                                                                                

18  GRANTS AND REIMBURSEMENTS TO LOCAL GOVERNMENT                               

                                                                                

19      Drunk driving case-flow program                                                  $    2,300,000                                                                   

                                                                                

20      Drug case-flow program                                                               250,000                                                                     

                                                                                

21      TOTAL                                                                            $    124,506,800                                                                 

                                                                                

22      Sec. 202. (1) The appropriations authorized under this bill are             

                                                                                

23  subject to the management and budget act, 1984 PA 431, MCL 18.1101 to       

                                                                                

24  18.1594.                                                                    

                                                                                

25                                                                                   (2) Funds appropriated in part 1 to an entity within the judicial           

                                                                                

26  branch shall not be expended or transferred to another account without      

                                                                                

27  written approval of the authorized agent of the judicial entity.  If        


                                                                                

1   the authorized agent of the judicial entity notifies the state budget       

                                                                                

2   director of its approval of an expenditure or transfer, the state           

                                                                                

3   budget director                                                             

                                                                                

4   shall immediately make the expenditure or transfer.  The authorized         

                                                                                

5   judicial entity agent shall be designated by the chief justice of the       

                                                                                

6   supreme court.                                                              

                                                                                

7       Sec. 203. As used in this bill:                                             

                                                                                

8                                                                                    (a) “DOE” means the United States department of education.                  

                                                                                

9                                                                                    (b) “DOJ” means the United States department of justice.                    

                                                                                

10                                                                                   (c) “DOT” means the United States department of transportation.             

                                                                                

11                                                                                   (d) “FTE” means full-time equated.                                          

                                                                                

12                                                                                   (e) “HHS” means the United States department of health and human            

                                                                                

13  services.                                                                   

                                                                                

14                                                                                   (f) “IDG” means interdepartmental grant.                                    

                                                                                

15                                                                                   (g) “OASI” means old age survivor’s insurance.                              

                                                                                

16                                                                                   (h) “TANF” means temporary assistance for needy families.                   

                                                                                

17                                                                                   (i) “USDA” means the United States department of agriculture.               

                                                                                

18      Sec. 204. Unless otherwise specified, departments and agencies              

                                                                                

19  receiving appropriations in part 1 shall use the Internet to fulfill        

                                                                                

20  the reporting requirements of this bill.  This requirement may include      

                                                                                

21  transmission of reports via electronic mail to the recipients               

                                                                                

22  identified for each reporting requirement, or it may include placement      

                                                                                

23  of reports on an Internet or Intranet site.                                 

                                                                                

24      Sec. 205. (1) In addition to the funds appropriated in part 1, there        

                                                                                

25  is appropriated an amount not to exceed $500,000.00 for federal             

                                                                                

26  contingency funds.  These funds are not available for expenditure until     

                                                                                

27  they have been transferred to another line item in this bill under          


                                                                                

1   section 393(2) of the management and budget act, 1984 PA 431, MCL           

                                                                                

2   18.1393.                                                                    

                                                                                

3                                                                                    (2) In addition to the funds appropriated in part 1, there is               

                                                                                

4   appropriated an amount not to exceed $500,000.00 for state restricted       

                                                                                

5   contingency funds.  These funds are not available for expenditure until     

                                                                                

6   they have been transferred to another line item in this bill under          

                                                                                

7   section 393(2) of the management and budget act, 1984 PA 431, MCL           

                                                                                

8   18.1393.                                                                    

                                                                                

9                                                                                    (3) In addition to the funds appropriated in part 1, there is               

                                                                                

10  appropriated an amount not to exceed $100,000.00 for local contingency      

                                                                                

11  funds.  These funds are not available for expenditure until they have       

                                                                                

12  been transferred to another line item in this bill under section 393(2)     

                                                                                

13  of the management and budget act, 1984 PA 431, MCL 18.1393.                 

                                                                                

14                                                                                   (4) In addition to the funds appropriated in part 1, there is               

                                                                                

15  appropriated an amount not to exceed $100,000.00 for private                

                                                                                

16  contingency funds.  These funds are not available for expenditure until     

                                                                                

17  they have been transferred to another line item in this bill under          

                                                                                

18  section 393(2) of the management and budget act, 1984 PA 431, MCL           

                                                                                

19  18.1393.                                                                    

                                                                                

20                                                                                   (5) A transfer of contingency funds within the judicial branch              

                                                                                

21  shall not be made by the authorized agent of the judicial entity unless     

                                                                                

22  approved by both appropriations committees.  If the state budget            

                                                                                

23  director does not approve contingency fund transfers adopted by both        

                                                                                

24  appropriations committees under this section, the state budget director     

                                                                                

25  shall notify the appropriations committees of his or her action within      

                                                                                

26  15 days.                                                                    

                                                                                

27  JUDICIAL BRANCH                                                             


                                                                                

1       Sec. 301. (1) The direct trial court automation support program of          

                                                                                

2   the state court administrative office shall recover direct and overhead     

                                                                                

3   costs from trial courts by charging for services rendered.  The fee         

                                                                                

4   shall cover the actual costs incurred to the direct trial court             

                                                                                

5   automation support program in providing the service.  A report of           

                                                                                

6   amounts collected in excess of funds identified as user service charges     

                                                                                

7   in part 1 shall be submitted to the state budget director and to the        

                                                                                

8   house and senate appropriations subcommittees on judiciary 30 days          

                                                                                

9   before expenditure by the direct trial court automation support             

                                                                                

10  program.                                                                    

                                                                                

11                                                                                   (2) From funds appropriated in part 1, the direct trial court               

                                                                                

12  automation support program of the state court administrative office         

                                                                                

13  shall provide to the state budget director, the senate and house            

                                                                                

14  appropriations committees, and the senate and house fiscal agencies         

                                                                                

15  before January 1 of each year, a report of user service charges             

                                                                                

16  collected during the immediately preceding state fiscal year.               

                                                                                

17      Sec. 302. Funds appropriated within the judicial branch shall not be        

                                                                                

18  expended by any component within the judicial branch without the            

                                                                                

19  approval of the supreme court.                                              

                                                                                

20      Sec. 303. Of the amount appropriated in part 1 for the judicial             

                                                                                

21  branch, $325,000.00 is allocated for circuit court reimbursement under      

                                                                                

22  section 3 of 1978 PA 16, MCL 800.453, and $186,900.00 is allocated for      

                                                                                

23  court of claims reimbursement under section 6413 of the revised             

                                                                                

24  judicature act of 1961, 1961 PA 236, MCL 600.6413.                          

                                                                                

25      Sec. 304. The supreme court and the state court administrative              

                                                                                

26  office shall continue to maintain, as a priority, the assisting of          

                                                                                

27  local trial courts in improving the collection of judgments.                


                                                                                

1       Sec. 305. If sufficient funds are not available from the court fee          

                                                                                

2   fund to pay judges’ compensation, the difference between the                

                                                                                

3   appropriated amount from that fund for judges’ compensation and the         

                                                                                

4   actual amount available after the amount appropriated for trial court       

                                                                                

5   reimbursement is made shall be appropriated from the state general fund     

                                                                                

6   for judges’ compensation.                                                   

                                                                                

7       Sec. 306. (1) The funds appropriated in part 1 for drug treatment           

                                                                                

8   courts shall be administered by the state court administrative office       

                                                                                

9   to operate drug treatment court programs.  A drug treatment court           

                                                                                

10  program shall not receive funds for more than 5 years.  A drug              

                                                                                

11  treatment court shall be responsible for handling cases involving           

                                                                                

12  substance abusing nonviolent offenders through comprehensive                

                                                                                

13  supervision, testing, treatment services, and immediate sanctions and       

                                                                                

14  incentives.  A drug treatment court shall use all available county and      

                                                                                

15  state personnel involved in the disposition of cases including, but not     

                                                                                

16  limited to, parole and probation agents, prosecuting attorney, defense      

                                                                                

17  attorney, and community corrections providers.  The funds may be used       

                                                                                

18  in connection with other federal, state, and local funding sources.         

                                                                                

19                                                                                   (2) Local units of government are encouraged to refer to federal            

                                                                                

20  drug treatment court guidelines to prepare proposals.  However, federal     

                                                                                

21  agency approvals are not required for funding under this section.           

                                                                                

22                                                                                   (3) From the funds appropriated in part 1, the chief justice                

                                                                                

23  shall allocate sufficient funds for the judicial institute to provide       

                                                                                

24  in-state training for those identified in subsection (1), including         

                                                                                

25  training for new drug treatment court judges.                               

                                                                                

26                                                                                   (4) For drug treatment court grants, consideration for priority             

                                                                                

27  may be given to those courts where higher instances of substance abuse      


                                                                                

1   cases are filed.                                                            

                                                                                

2                                                                                    (5) The judiciary shall receive $1.8 million in Byrne formula               

                                                                                

3   grant funding as an interdepartmental grant from the department of          

                                                                                

4   community health to be used for expansion of drug treatment courts, to      

                                                                                

5   assist in avoiding prison bed space growth for nonviolent offenders in      

                                                                                

6   collaboration with the department of corrections.                           

                                                                                

7       Sec. 307. (1) The appropriation in part 1 for the judicial                  

                                                                                

8   technology improvement fund shall be allocated for the development of a     

                                                                                

9   statewide judicial information system.  The supreme court, working with     

                                                                                

10  the department of state police, department of corrections, secretary of     

                                                                                

11  state, prosecuting attorneys association of Michigan, and the               

                                                                                

12  department of information technology, will develop a statewide              

                                                                                

13  telecommunications infrastructure to integrate criminal justice             

                                                                                

14  information systems.  The judicial technology improvement fund shall        

                                                                                

15  also provide grants to local trial court funding units to encourage         

                                                                                

16  technology innovations by local trial courts that will result in            

                                                                                

17  enhanced public service.  These innovations will include, but not be        

                                                                                

18  limited to, electronic filing, on-line payments of fines and fees, and      

                                                                                

19  web-based instructions for completion of court documents.                   

                                                                                

20                                                                                   (2) Funds in part 1 may be used to develop, operate, and maintain           

                                                                                

21  a cyber court system.